During the lactation period, the cows have high energy requirements during the fattening period, and the conventional diet can no longer meet their nutritional needs. For this reason, the energy substances in the feed must be increased. One way to increase the energy level of feeds is to increase the proportion of concentrates in the feed and add fat. However, both methods have drawbacks. Too much concentrate in the feed will reduce the intake of feed, affect the normal digestive function of the rumen, reduce the rate of milk fat, and even cause acidosis. Adding fat and fat will interfere with the activity of rumen microbes. Reduce the digestibility of cellulose. Therefore, how to find effective ways and methods to supplement energy has become the focus of attention of researchers and manufacturers. In recent years, a new type of energy additive that can avoid the interference of fat on the rumen microorganisms and can effectively supplement energy has been protected. It was born, and it was confirmed and commonly used fatty acid calcium. A large number of studies at home and abroad show that fatty acid calcium is an excellent source of energy for ruminants, and the development and application of fatty acid calcium has broad prospects for development. Types of fatty acid calcium Fatty acid calcium is a kind of protective grease formed by the combination of fatty acid and calcium, also known as "calcium soap". Its raw materials are mainly animal and vegetable oils. The structure of fatty acid calcium varies according to the length of its fatty acid chain, and it has long-chain fatty acid calcium. Medium chain fatty acids calcium and short chain fatty acids calcium. The available data shows that the calcium fatty acid species include calcium isobutyrate, calcium isovalerate, calcium octanoate, calcium citrate, calcium palm oil fatty acid, and calcium stearate. At present, calcium palm oil fatty acid made from palmitic acid is applied in nearly 40 countries such as Europe, the United States, and Japan (the name is Megalac). There is currently no commercially available fatty acid calcium product. Therefore, the product development and application research of fatty acid calcium will be one of the research directions of China's feed additives. The Mechanism of Action of Fatty Acid Calcium in Ruminant Animals' Digestive Tract Fatty Acid Calcium Degradation in Ruminants' Digestive Tract The mechanism of protection of fatty acid calcium in the rumen is based on the acidity of the rumen and small intestine. It is a strong alkali weak acid salt with an ionization constant between 4 and 5, and the rumen pH is generally maintained between 6 and 7. The fatty acid calcium salt (In particular, calcium salts of saturated fatty acids) are less soluble in rumen fluids and are less likely to be degraded by rumen microbes. In the strong acidic environment of the stomach, fatty acid calcium can be decomposed smoothly and effectively digested and absorbed by the digestive tract. The degradation of calcium salts of fatty acids is mainly related to two factors: 1 The saturation of calcium salts of fatty acids. In vitro studies have shown that calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids are more susceptible to rumen microbes, and the higher the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid calcium salts, the easier it is to be degraded. 2 rumen pH. The pH value of rumen fluid was negatively correlated with the degradation of calcium salts of fatty acids. The in vitro test results showed that the degradation rate of calcium palmitate was 15% in rumen fluid with a pH value of 6.5, 20% when pH = 6.0, and the degradation rate was up to 60% when pH = 5.0. . Effect of Fatty Acid Calcium on Rumen Environment Effects on rumen fermentation When the crude specific ratio was 1:1, the concentration of 2%~6% calcium soap had no significant difference in the concentration of NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, B, C, and TVFA; the level of 8% calcium soap was significantly increased. The concentrations of NH3-N, acetic acid, butyric acid, B, C, and TVFA were reduced, but there was no significant effect on the propionic acid concentration. When the proportion of coarse material was increased to 80%, the addition level of 6% had no significant effect on NH3-N, acetic acid, propionic acid, and B and C, but decreased the concentration of butyric acid and TVFA; the addition of 8% significantly reduced NH3- Concentrations of N, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, B, C, and TVFA. Adding 3%, 6%, 9% fatty acid calcium to dairy cows' diets showed no effect on rumen pH and VFA concentration. The effect of rumen microbial protein synthesis efficiency Fatty acid calcium had no significant effect on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. The test results of calcium supplemented with rapeseed fatty acids and the test results using calcium palmitate as a supplement have denied the conclusion that fatty acid calcium will significantly reduce the N synthesis efficiency of rumen microorganisms compared with homologous glycerides. Effect of Fatty Acid Calcium on Digestibility of Nutrients Effects on rumen digestibility and total intestinal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter It has been reported that the addition of fat reduces the digestibility of ruminal organic matter, but the total intestinal digestibility of organic matter is not affected. There are two possible reasons for the effect of fatty acid calcium on ruminal organic matter and dry matter digestibility: 1) Fatty acid calcium does not degrade in the rumen and rumen fat digestibility declines. 2 ruminal cellulose digestibility decreased. However, fatty acid calcium slightly increases the intestinal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The reason may be that most of the inert fat is not degraded in the rumen, and enters the intestinal tract directly for digestion. Effect on the degradation rate of fibrous substances The greatest impact on rumen cellulose degradation rate is free fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid calcium has a very low degradation rate in the rumen, and it has limited inhibitory effect on rumen microorganisms, thus causing little interference with the rumen degradation of cellulose. The results showed that the addition of 3% fatty acid calcium in the diet had no significant effect on the degradation of rumen cellulose and had little effect on the digestion of ADF and NDF. However, adding 6% calcium fatty acid will reduce the digestibility of cellulose. This may be because the fatty acid calcium soap is still slightly degraded in the rumen. Effect on the digestibility of fatty acids Studies have shown that as the amount of added fatty acid calcium increases, the digestibility of fatty acids in the rumen and whole digestive tract increases linearly, but there is no significant effect on rumen digestibility. Adding 3% to 5% of fatty acid calcium will increase the digestibility of fatty acids. However, if the fatty acid calcium is added to 6% level, there will be no significant effect on the intestinal digestibility of fatty acids. Effect on nitrogen digestibility Fatty acid calcium had little effect on digestion of the rumen nitrogen and total intestinal digestibility of nitrogen. However, it has also been reported that adding fat increases the total intestinal digestibility of nitrogen. The possible reasons for the increase in total intestinal digestibility of nitrogen are: 1 Increased flow of non-degradable nitrogen in the duodenum. 2 Manure nitrogen reduction. Effect of Fatty Acid Calcium on Production Performance of Ruminants Feed intake Fatty acid calcium will reduce feed intake to some extent. The addition of 3% fatty acid calcium to diets did not significantly reduce feed intake, but 6% dietary supplementation had a significant effect on feed intake. Many other tests have also obtained the same result. This may be because high-dose intake reduces the palatability of the diet. Lactating performance Milk yield Milk production depends largely on the energy supply. Adding 300 g of fatty acid calcium to each cow's diet per day, the results showed that fatty acid calcium can increase milk production by 19.29%. Supplementation of 200 g and 400 g of fatty acid calcium in lactating cattle diets resulted in significant differences in milk production compared with the control group (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups (P>0.05). It is suggested that the amount of fatty acid calcium does not increase as much as possible. The addition of oils and fats to increase milk production is mainly due to increased effective energy intake and the fact that dietary fatty acids can be directly used by the mammary gland. Milk fat rate The milk fat percentage increases with the increase in rumen fat, and it has been found that feeding rumen fat increases plasma triglyceride concentration and increases mammary uptake. Fatty acid calcium significantly increases the content of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. The research data showed that the milk fat rate increased by 13.17% in 300 g fatty acid calcium milk added to the diet, and the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid in milk increased by 25.53% and 29.60%. However, there is also a decrease in milk fat percentage, which may be due to the lack of quality hay in the dairy cow diet. Due to insufficient fiber intake, the amount of acetic acid produced in the rumen is reduced, resulting in a decrease in milk fat synthesis. However, the underlying mechanism leading to a reduction in milk fat percentage needs further study. . Reproductive performance In general, dairy cows have poor ovarian function and low conception rate under lean conditions. Calcium supplements do not need to mobilize body fat to provide energy, which can effectively inhibit postpartum weight loss and maintain good body condition, promoting early postpartum estrus and high conception rate. . The results showed that the addition of 2.6% fatty acid calcium in the dairy cow diet reduced the weight of the postpartum dairy cow significantly lower than that of the control group. In the 2nd to 4th season, the conception rate was significantly higher than that of the control group (42.6%: 25.0%). The number of pregnant cows 150 days after giving birth was also significantly higher than that of the control group (82.4%: 62.5%). Meat production performance Fatty beef and fattening sheep have a high energy demand during fattening. Feeding fatty acid calcium can ensure adequate energy supply, and thus can significantly increase the rate of weight gain. At the same time, the fatty acid calcium is not degraded in the rumen and it is not hydrogenated. It can be directly digested and absorbed into the small intestine, transported by blood, fused to cream or deposited on animal fat. The test results showed that adding a certain amount of fatty acid calcium to the lamb diet had a significant effect on improving the performance of lambs. It was better to supplement 20 to 30 grams of fatty acid calcium per sheep per day, and the average daily weight gain was higher than that of the control. The group height was 35.30g and 56.51g (P<0.05). The daily gains were increased by 18.18% and 26.24% respectively. The slaughter rate was 2.29 and 3.53% higher than that of the control group respectively, and the feed conversion rate was also significantly increased. Factors Affecting the Effect of Fatty Acid Calcium Appropriate addition amount of calcium fatty acid In general, the animal production performance tends to increase with the increase in the amount of fatty acid calcium added, but the amount of too much added, the effect is not good, so the appropriate amount of addition, it is very important for the fatty acid calcium to play its role. At present, there is still no definitive conclusion on the suitable amount of fatty acid calcium, which needs further study. Types of fatty acids saponified with calcium Different fatty acids have different utilization efficiencies. Many factors affect the absorption of fatty acids. For example, the polarity and the degree of emulsification of fatty acids, which are determined by the carbon chain length and saturation, are related to the absorption and utilization of fatty acids. Feed factors The level of crude fiber, crude protein, and energy in the feed affects the effect of fatty acid calcium. The effect of fatty acid calcium on increasing milk fat percentage is closely related to the level of crude fiber in feed. The ratio of energy and protein is an important factor affecting animal production performance. After adding fatty acid calcium, the ratio of energy to protein changes and the animal performance is affected accordingly. The dietary energy level also affects the effect of fatty acid calcium. Generally, the effect of adding fatty acid calcium in high-energy diets is not obvious or even has a negative effect. Animal physiological conditions and environmental factors In the peak of lactation or in summer heat stress, the effect of using fatty acid calcium is better. In the late lactation period, when the energy is in a positive balance, the supplementation effect is not obvious. Development and Application Prospects of Fatty Acid Calcium and Future Research Directions 1. The addition of calcium fatty acid to ruminant diets can effectively provide energy and improve the quality of livestock products. Therefore, the development and utilization of calcium fatty acid is of great significance to ruminant animal husbandry. 2. There are few reports on the effect of fatty acid calcium on physiological and biochemical indicators of animals, and research in this area should be strengthened. 3. 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Research and Application of Fatty Acid Calcium in Ruminant Farming