****How ​​much

With the frequent occurrence of the Chinese dairy industry, "a glass of milk and a strong nation" seems like a joke. Under the slogan of myth demand, China's milk production in 2010 soared to third in the world, and demand increased year after year. However, according to the requirements of dairy safety and quality, it is impossible to meet the drinking needs of the entire nation. This provides room for the appearance of ****.

Aflatoxins (AFT) are a class of chemically similar compounds that are all derivatives of dihydrofuranocoumarin. Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus (parasiticus). The highest incidence of aflatoxin is found in foods and feeds in hot and humid areas.

What is ****M1 in milk?

**** is one of the metabolites of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, M1 is one of these products, this substance is found in many dairy products. Aflatoxin is a metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in the genus Aspergillus. Aflatoxin is not only a compound, but a group of compounds with similar chemical structures. At present, 12 species including B1 have been isolated and identified. B2, G1, G2, M1 and other toxins and toxic alcohols. Due to the different formation conditions of different compounds, the source distribution and toxicity are also different. Among them, M1 and M2 are mostly found in milk, and B1 is the most toxic.

Where is **** in life?

Aspergillus flavus is widely found in nature, and spores can spread in the air, but toxins are only produced when mycelia grow. Aspergillus flavus is widely present in the soil, and mycotoxins produce toxins as they grow. The resulting spores can diffuse into the air and then infect suitable parasites to produce aflatoxins. When food is not dried in time and stored improperly, it is often easily contaminated with Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus to produce such toxins. Therefore, **** is mainly found in grains, oils, and their products that have been infested with Aspergillus flavus. . Peanuts, peanut oil, corn, rice, and cottonseed are the most common, and are also common in animal foods such as liver and salted fish as well as milk and dairy products. According to the relevant papers of the “China Food Safety Magazine”, in China, the Aspergillus flavus-producing bacteria in Guangxi are widely distributed. The total distribution is as follows: Central China, South China, and North China produce more strains, and the amount of toxin produced is also large. There are fewer northeast and northwest regions.

Where did the overdose of Mengniu's milk come from?

Two possibilities: The cow's feed or milk is not stored properly. Professor Fu Liang, deputy director of the Department of Food Science and Engineering of Citi University, believes that for aflatoxin M1 that has exceeded the standard for pure milk products, it may be improperly stored, or it may become contaminated during processing and transportation, resulting in mold growth; It is the feed consumed by dairy cows that contains excess aflatoxin M1 that is digested and then transferred to milk during milk production. When aflatoxin is eaten by animals, some of it accumulates in the animal's body, and the other part of it converts to milk and urine. The conversion rate is generally 3.45%-11.39%. Therefore, to ensure that the amount of aflatoxin M1 in milk does not exceed 0.5 μg/kg, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that the amount of aflatoxin B1 in feed should not exceed 30 μg/kg.

How toxic is ****?

**** is highly toxic, containing 1 mg per kilogram is extremely toxic, can induce liver cancer, is currently one of the most powerful carcinogens. **** The content is 30-50μg/kg is low toxicity, 50-100μg/kg is toxic, 100-1000μg/kg is highly toxic, 1000μg/kg is extremely toxic. Its toxicity is 10 times that of ***, which is 68 times that of **. **** The amount of 1mg/kg can induce cancer. The 1mg/kg**** content is equivalent to only 1 grain of sesame seeds in 1 ton of grain.

The toxicity of **** is much higher than that of cyanide, arsenide and organic pesticides, of which B1 is the most toxic. When the human intake is large, acute poisoning can occur, with acute hepatitis, hemorrhagic necrosis, hepatocyte steatosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. When trace intake continues, it can cause chronic poisoning, growth disorders, causing fibrous lesions, resulting in fibrous tissue hyperplasia. The carcinogenic power of **** also ranks first. It is one of the most potent carcinogens known to date and can induce bone cancer, kidney cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer.

Aflatoxin M1 was designated as a carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) Cancer Research Institute in 1993 and is a very toxic highly toxic substance. The harmfulness of aflatoxin lies in the destruction of human and animal liver tissues, which can lead to liver cancer and even death.

How can **** be removed?

**** is the most stable mycotoxin found so far. It is not sensitive to high temperatures. It is difficult to get rid of it at high temperatures for 20 hours. Contaminated food can only be discarded and destroyed. Aflatoxin M1 can not be removed in the usual way, it is not soluble in water and has heat resistance. **** This type of bifururicene coumarin derivative with similar chemical structure is slightly soluble in water, soluble in oils and fats and certain organic solvents; it has poor sensitivity to temperature, and it is cleaved at a high temperature of 280°C. The cooking conditions are not easily destroyed. Alkaline conditions, **** easily degradable; ultraviolet radiation is also easy to make **** degradation and loss of toxicity. Alkaline and high-temperature treatment, the nutrients in food have long been lost, it is better to discard.

Studies have shown that: without changing the quality of milk, the milk is first heated to 90 °C for 10 minutes, then cooled to 20 °C, and then irradiated by ultraviolet light for 30 minutes, only to reduce the aflatoxin M1 which was 56.2 %. Compared to the **** that has not been completely eliminated, the cost paid is far greater than the revenue.

Finally, we must advise everyone not to eat moldy peanuts. Peanut butter used peanuts can not distinguish whether it is degenerate. Once the **** enters the body, the liver is most affected, and it is not easily eliminated in the body, so it is best not to eat it. .

Can eating green vegetables "fight"?

Chlorophyll can inhibit carcinogenicity caused by ****B1, probably because it can significantly reduce the absorption rate of ****.