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Formulated fertilization, balanced fertilization, and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. There are more nitrogen fertilizers in the early stage of the grape, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are needed in the later stage. Grapes should be fully fermented with organic fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers should be added to organic fertilizers (sodium nitrate, urea, potassium nitrate, superphosphate, etc.), biological fertilizers (nitrogen-fixing fertilizers, fertilizers, bio-potassium and enzymes). Fertilizer, etc. can be used as both base fertilizer and top dressing and leaf fertilizer. The optimum period for applying the base fertilizer is after harvesting the grapes and before the leaves. Ground top dressing is mainly in several key periods before germination, before flowering, after fruit setting, before maturity and after harvest.
1, Shiji fertilizer. The scaffolding grapes are ditched on the side under the planting raft, from shallow to deep, expanding year by year. Fence grapes should be dug on both sides of the planting hoe and layered. Young trees in grape rows, between plants, mature trees on both sides or one side (two years of exchange) open strips (depth 50 cm - 60 cm, width 30 cm -40 cm) or hole application (The depth of the hole is 10 cm - 40 cm, the hole diameter is 10 cm - 30 cm). Generally, the vineyard with a yield of 2000 kilograms per mu is 5,000 kilograms of high-quality organic fertilizer, 100 kilograms of superphosphate, and 100 kilograms of grass ash. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied to the grape in the autumn should account for 60% of the total fertilization amount in the whole year. Usually 1000 kg of base fertilizer per mu (750 kg of chicken manure, 170 kg of bean cake, 50 kg of superphosphate, and 30 kg of urea). After the base fertilizer is mixed with the soil or layered, the soil is backfilled to the surface, and the soil is steadily and irrigated.
2, root dressing. The first time in the first month before germination, 50 kg of urea was applied per acre to promote the early development of the plant; the second time in the size of the soybean, the plant applied 0.3 kg of diammonium phosphate to promote the expansion of the fruit; 3 times in the fruit coloring period, the application of phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, such as the application of calcium phosphate 0.5 kg -1 kg plus plant ash 1 kg -2 kg, or potassium sulfate 0.2 kg.
3, root dressing. In the early and late flowering period, 0.3% urea solution or 0.3%-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed. If the two fertilizers are sprayed at the same time, the total concentration should not exceed 0.3%. From the young fruit to the mature stage, spray 2 times -3 times 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Berry sweetness and coloration can be increased by spraying 0.3% grass ash leaching solution or 0.3%-0.5% potassium sulphate solution or 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution during the ripening period of berry. After picking the fruit, before spraying the leaves, spray 0.5% urea solution once or twice, or spray 0.3% potassium chloride and 0.3% calcium perphosphate leaching solution once to increase the nutrient storage of the tree. In addition, in the growing season, it is also possible to use Huimanfeng 400 times - 600 times liquid or 500 mg / kg concentration of rare earth micro-fertilizer. In the absence of boron, spraying 0.1%-0.3% borax solution 1 week before flowering, the effect is better.
4, carbon dioxide topdressing. In the shed indoor temperature of 16 ° C - 30 ° C, light intensity of 1000 lux or more, soil moisture is suitable, the application of carbon dioxide fertilizer. Specific methods: First, the application of a large amount of organic fertilizer, microbial decomposition, increase the amount of carbon dioxide released. The second is to cut limestone into 3 cm square, put 50 containers per acre, and put about 400 grams of limestone in each container. Hydrochloric acid and water are diluted 1:1 and poured into a limestone container for use. The third is to prepare 40 non-metallic containers per acre of greenhouse, and dilute the concentrated sulfuric acid and water by 1:3, that is, the concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly poured into the water and stirred (not to pour the water into concentrated sulfuric acid). Each container contains 500 grams of dilute sulfuric acid. In each container, add 90 g of ammonium bicarbonate per day, and add 1 time of acid for 3 days of ammonium bicarbonate. The fourth is to apply 40 grams - 50 grams of carbon dioxide pellet fertilizer per mu, and apply carbon dioxide for 40 consecutive days - 50 days. The fifth is the carbon dioxide generator. The equipment is reasonable in design, simple in structure, convenient and durable, with a large amount of gas production, high purity, no pollution, low investment, and a service life of 5 to 10 years.
Second, irrigation
1. Irrigation period. 1 germination period. Stable at room temperature above 10 ° C, 20 cm soil temperature above 12 ° C, filling small water to promote germination neat. 2 new shoot speed for a long time. The new shoot is more than 10 cm, which can fill the water and promote the growth of new shoots and flowering fruit. 3 young fruit expansion period. This period is the critical period of water demand for grapes. It is necessary to supply water in time to promote the growth of new shoots, roots and young fruit. 4 berry coloring early. The berries are irrigated before coloring to promote flower bud differentiation and swell and coloration of the berries. 5 berries after harvesting. Immediately after harvesting, water is added to improve leaf function and increase tree nutrition. 6 after the leaves. After defoliation and pruning, the water is irrigated once to facilitate wintering.
2. Irrigation method. Each irrigation is based on the infiltration of 40 cm - 60 cm soil. Ground irrigation (ditch irrigation, flood irrigation) is often used, but infiltration and drip irrigation are advocated, which not only saves water, but also reduces the excessive humidity in the greenhouse.
3. The amount of irrigation. The suitable irrigation amount should be such that the soil moisture in the rhizosphere reaches about 80% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and the depth of the infiltrated soil layer is 60 cm to 80 cm. The irrigation time is suitable when the plants are not sun-heated before and after sunrise. It is not suitable to irrigate when the light is strong and the room temperature is the highest. Because the grape root activity is the most vigorous at noon, if it is irrigated with lower temperature water, it will damage the root system and reduce the absorption function, causing the plant to be physiologically dry above the ground and causing sunburn in severe cases.
Scientific fertilization and water use for greenhouse grapes
First, fertilization
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