In the field of artificial photosynthesis research, it is possible to break through the rules of the game by developing a carbon dioxide capture system and using solar energy to convert captured carbon dioxide into valuable chemical products, including biodegradable plastics, drugs, and even liquid fuels. . Plants can use light energy to synthesize carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. US Department of Energy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, have developed a hybrid system of semiconductor nanowires and bacteria that mimics this photosynthesis process in nature. Related papers were published in the recent Nano Express newspaper. "We believe that this system is a revolutionary leap in the field of artificial photosynthesis and is expected to fundamentally change the chemical and petroleum industries," said Yang Peidong, a chemist at the Berkeley Laboratory Materials Science Department, one of the research leaders. We can produce chemicals and fuels in a completely reproducible way, rather than extract them from deep underground.†Solar Green Chemical The more carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, the warmer the atmosphere will be. At present, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere has reached the highest level in nearly 3 million years, which is mainly the result of the combustion of fossil fuels. In the foreseeable future, fossil fuels, especially coal, are still the largest source of energy for human needs. People are always looking for technologies to sequester carbon dioxide before it enters the atmosphere, but all these technologies need to store the captured carbon, which itself poses environmental challenges. Artificial photosynthesis technology developed by Berkeley researchers solved the storage problem while also making better use of captured carbon dioxide. "In natural photosynthesis, leaves collect solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide, combine it with water, and synthesize biomass through molecules," said the author of the paper, and the author of the paper, Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, an expert on carbon-neutral energy conversion catalysts. Zhang said, “In our system, nanowires collect solar energy and transfer electrons to bacteria. Bacteria reduce carbon dioxide and combine it with water to synthesize a variety of high-value-added chemical products.†This is a new type of artificial photosynthesis system that combines a bio-adaptive light-harvesting nanowire array with selected bacterial populations to provide an environment-winning model: the use of solar green chemicals that sequester carbon dioxide. Material Science and Biology “Our system represents an emerging alliance between materials science and biology. This joint field also provides a great opportunity for the development of new functional equipment,†said Michel Zhang, biosynthesis expert at the research team. “For example, The morphological structure of nanowire arrays must be able to protect bacteria just like Easter eggs buried in high grasses, so that oxygen-sensitive microorganisms can survive in carbon dioxide-rich environments, such as flue gases." This system was developed by Yang Peidong's research team early on and began as a strange "artificial forest" made up of silicon and titania nanowires. “Our man-made forests are like chloroplasts in green plants,†Yang said. “When sunlight is absorbed, photons excite electrons in silicon and titania nanowires and generate electron-hole pairs, absorbing different frequencies of the solar spectrum. Photon-generated electrons. In silicon it is passed to bacteria for the reduction of carbon dioxide, photons create holes that decompose water molecules in titanium dioxide, producing oxygen." After the completion of the nanowire array forest, it becomes a habitat for microbial communities that can produce special enzymes that selectively catalyze the reduction of carbon dioxide. In this study, the Berkeley team used an anaerobic bacterium called Ovalomyces olivaceus, which can easily take electrons directly from the surrounding environment to reduce carbon dioxide. “Mo spiropes is a very good catalyst for carbon dioxide, and at the same time produces acetate, a multifunctional chemical intermediate that can make a variety of useful chemical products,†said Michel Zhang. "Using buffered brackish water and a small amount of vitamins, we can unify the 'Mosquitoes' in nanowire arrays." When M. solani restores carbon dioxide to acetate (or other biosynthetic intermediates), it is then synthesized by transgenic E. coli to special chemicals. In their study, M. solani was isolated from E. coli in order to increase the target chemical production. In the future, the two steps of catalysis and synthesis can be combined into one process. Future commercialization The researchers pointed out that the key to the success of their artificial photosynthesis system is the separation of target requirements, which will increase the light capture efficiency and increase the catalytic activity separately, and nanowire/bacteria mixing technology makes it possible. In this way, the Berkeley team achieved a solar conversion efficiency of 0.38% in the simulated sunlight for about 200 hours, which is similar to the leaves in nature. Their production of directional chemicals made with acetate has also been improved - up to 26% of butanol (a gasoline-like fuel), and 25% of artadiene (an antimalarial precursor of artemisinin) ) and 52% of renewable biodegradable plastic PHB. As the technology is further refined, the performance of the system is expected to increase. “We are currently studying a second-generation system that will increase the conversion efficiency from solar energy to chemical products to 3%,†Yang said. “We waited for a 10% conversion rate in terms of cost efficiency and pushed this technology to commercial use. It will be practical and feasible.†(Reporter Chang Lijun)
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Significant progress in artificial photosynthesis is expected to achieve a win-win situation for people and the environment