Building ceramics seismic indicators

Refuge problem in planning

Tao Wei, general manager of Wuhe International Group in China, said that the urban rubble pile after the earthquake was shocking, and even if the frightened people escaped from the building, they would inevitably suffer from the damage of the falling stone. Especially in towns with high density in China, the planning of urban shelters is particularly important.

In the content of modern urban planning, there is an important preparation project, namely urban disaster prevention and disaster prevention planning, including fire protection regulations, civil air defense support, and flood control standards. However, as the value of urban land continues to rise, the city's hollow space continues to decrease. So even if there are huge squares in the city, open parks, how do people arrive in an emergency?

In the research content of Beijing's controlled detailed planning in 1995, it also emphasized that each street guarantees a complete green space of about 3,000 square meters, which serves as a shelter for urban disaster prevention. From this point of view, the three-level green space system required in the planning and design of residential areas is not only a problem of landscape image, but more importantly, it is necessary to leave a safe space in high-density buildings. Therefore, the green areas of the residential areas, the green spaces of the communities, and the green spaces of the groups should not be shaped like strips of green hair, which cannot be replaced by the spacing of the buildings.

Tao Wei appealed that China's construction of high-density communities is an inevitable trend because of the limitations of China's national conditions. However, how to grasp the high density requires strict control of the planning management department, more needs the social conscience of developers, and the appeal of the public. Supervision. Therefore, we can achieve our survival and security in a beautiful home.

Shear wall structure helps earthquake resistance

High-end residential design expert, Wu Tao, deputy general manager of Wuhe International Group, Liu Ping, Wuhe International structural engineer Liu Ping said that the current goal of China's seismic design is "the big earthquake does not fall, the medium earthquake can be repaired, and the small earthquake is not bad." When the earthquake crack is greater than the crack resistance, even if the building construction causes greater damage, it should be ensured that there is no immediate collapse, so that personnel have escape time.

From the perspective of seismic performance: the masonry structure is made of bricks, stones, etc., the connection between the blocks is poor, although the reinforcement measures such as reinforced concrete structural columns and ring beams are set, but when strong earthquakes are encountered When the horizontal and vertical alternating vibrations, the connection between the blocks is easily destroyed, causing the masonry to be loose, the vertical members to be damaged, and the building to collapse; in contrast, the frame structure can provide a more spacious use. Space is conducive to the organization and segmentation of building functions, but its anti-side stiffness is weak, and it is prone to large displacement under strong earthquakes, resulting in serious damage to the structure, so it is also a seismically unfavorable structure.

The reinforced concrete shear wall structure has a large lateral stiffness and a small displacement under earthquake action. After the seismic design of the shear wall structure, under the action of large earthquakes, the damage will be limited to the cracks at the door and window openings, and even if the wall is cracked, the wall legs can support the floor and there will be no large-scale collapse.

The frame-shear wall structure is a shear wall added to the appropriate part of the frame structure. While providing a large space for function, the additional shear wall provides greater lateral stiffness and improves the seismic performance of the structure. The seismic performance of various structural forms means that the structure behaves differently under small earthquakes and large earthquakes.

In general, the reinforced concrete shear wall structure and the frame-shear wall structure have better seismic performance, and the seismic performance of the masonry structure and the frame structure is relatively poor.

Multiple means to increase safety

Liu Ping said that in recent years, with the development of science and technology, it has greatly enriched the means to improve the seismic capacity of buildings.

For example, the isolation technology is a new international seismic engineering technology. By placing an isolation and energy dissipating device (such as a rubber isolation pad) between the bottom of the structure and the foundation (or the top of the bottom column), the upper structure and the foundation are "separated", changing the dynamic characteristics and dynamic effects of the structure. Significantly mitigate the seismic response of the structure. Practice has proved that the isolation system generally reduces the structural seismic acceleration response by about 60%.

On January 17, 1994, in the Great Los Angeles earthquake in the United States, two hospitals not far from the city, one was isolated, the doctors and nurses worked as usual during the earthquake; the other was unisolated, and the damage was severe and could not be recovered. jobs. On January 17, 1995, the earthquake in Kobe, Japan, the earthquake-proof houses such as the Western Post Building and the Songcun Research Building in the city were tested by the earthquake. The structure of the house was safe and intact, and the instruments, equipment, and decoration were not damaged. According to its characteristics, the isolation technology is mainly suitable for more important low-rise and multi-storey buildings, such as hospitals, schools, shopping malls, scientific research institutions and important command functions.

From the perspective of architectural design, according to reasonable design principles, the safety of the building structure can also be improved or even ensured. These principles include that structural members should have sufficient carrying capacity; the structure should have sufficient stiffness to reduce torsion and displacement under earthquake action; the structure should have sufficient ductility and energy dissipation, which is strong shock to the structure. Safety under the influence is especially important. Ductility refers to a property that has a bearing capacity that does not decrease or substantially does not decrease and has sufficient plastic deformation capability after yielding.

Comprehensively applying the above seismic principle, taking the bearing capacity, rigidity and ductility as the leading goal, implementing the multi-line defense, the basic concept of rigid-flexible combination, while ensuring the simple rules of structural shape, direct structural force and force transmission, overall structure and structure Together, the components can be designed to ensure the safety of the building structure under earthquake action.

For example, the Bank of America in Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, designed by the famous Chinese-American designer Lin Tongyan, is 18 meters high and 61 meters high. Due to the adoption of multiple lines of defense, the concept of rigid-flexible concept design ensures the seismic performance of the structure by presupposing weak links in the overall system as energy-consuming components that can be destroyed under strong earthquakes without affecting overall safety. Under the strong earthquake of Managua in 1972, there were only a few cracks in the building. After simple maintenance and reinforcement, it can still be used until now, and a large number of buildings collapsed and more than 5,000 people died.

Anti-collapse should be the focus of research

Several design experts finally called for a joint appeal. Due to historical reasons, in China, there were a large number of buildings before the 1980s, and most of these buildings were not considered to be earthquake-resistant or earthquake-resistant. Although some houses have been reinforced by earthquakes, the overall seismic performance is still poor. Most of the houses collapsed during the Wenchuan earthquake were built with earlier masonry structures and multi-layered frame structures. At the same time, due to the uneven economic development in China, in some economically underdeveloped areas and areas with poor transportation capacity, masonry structures using bricks and stones that are easier to obtain locally as the main building materials will remain for a long period of time in the future. There is a large amount of existence, and as the main structural form of low-rise public buildings, the framework structure will also exist in large numbers. Therefore, how to improve the seismic performance of masonry structures and frame structures in high-intensity areas, especially the anti-collapse ability under the rare strong earthquakes, should be the focus of future seismic research.

In recent years, in the real estate industry, there are indeed some novelty and uniqueness in the pursuit of architectural styling, ignoring the overall seismic performance of the building. In any case, for the building structure, good seismic performance must come from a relatively simple body shape, a simple and direct force transmission system and multiple lines of defense under the earthquake. Taking into account the huge disasters that the earthquake may cause, it is necessary to prevent problems before they happen.

At the same time, while considering the seismic capacity of building construction, it should also attach great importance to secondary disasters caused by earthquakes. For housing construction, the most important secondary disasters are fires and geological disasters caused by earthquakes. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the structural fire resistance design in the future housing design, and the foundation and foundation design should also fully consider the impact of foundation deformation on the safety of the house.

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