A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. The level of photoelectric conversion efficiency is one of the important indicators to measure its performance. Compared with traditional silicon-based solar cells, perovskite solar cells have become a research hotspot because of their higher efficiency and lower cost. At present, most of the perovskite solar cell materials are lead-based perovskites based on heavy metal lead, which poses environmental problems that limit their further application; while tin-based perovskites are non-toxic, high absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility and The suitable optical band gap and other advantages are ideal environmentally friendly solar cell materials. However, the tin-based perovskite has many structural defects, easy oxidation, and device structural energy level mismatch, etc., resulting in a low photoelectric conversion efficiency of the tin-based perovskite solar cell. In response to the above problems, Chinese scientists designed tin-based perovskite solar cells by selecting the fullerene derivative ICBA (indene-C60 bisadduct) with a shallow LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) energy level. Replaces the commonly used PCBM ([6,6] -phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) as the electron transport layer material, improves the position of the quasi-Fermi level under light conditions, and ICBA suppresses the migration caused by iodide ion. Type doping reduces carrier recombination at the interface between the transport layer and the tin-based perovskite, and finally achieves an open circuit voltage of 0.94V and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 12.4% for the tin-based perovskite solar cell. Compared with the current best-performing tin-based perovskite solar cells (open circuit voltage: ~ 0.6V, conversion efficiency: ~ 10%), the open circuit voltage and conversion efficiency are significantly improved. This research promotes the development of tin-based perovskite solar cells and improves their photoelectric conversion efficiency, which is of great significance for the development of environmentally friendly non-lead perovskite solar cells.
Water Reducer mainly is used for cement in construction field. Used for and widely for self-cured, vapor-cured concrete and its formulations. At the early stageof application, extremely prominent effects are shown. As the result, the modulus and site utilization can be drastically, the procedure of vapor cure is omitted in peak-heatsummer days. Statistically 40-60 metric tons of coal will be preserved when a metric ton of the material is consumed.The new raw material is researched and produced by ourselves, which is mainly used in theproduction of polycarboxylate superplasticizer products.
Remarkable plasticity: as a condition of blending where amount of cement and collapsibility are fixed aforehand, mixing water can be decreased by 18-28% when it is admised with reinforced concrete at 0.5-1.0%. Ststistically, compression strendth on the 1st day, the 3rd day and the 28th day after single application is increased by 60-90% and 25-60% respectively when it is added at standard blend dosage. As the result, compression strength, tensile strength, bucking strgth and modulus of elasticity will be improved to some extent.
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Chinese scientists have made important progress in tin-based perovskite solar cells