This new system, called "artificial leaves," uses solar energy to convert water into hydrogen fuel. Simulating the photosynthesis of plants in nature and using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce chemical energy that can be used on demand, this was the main goal of the United States Joint Photosynthesis Cooperation Center (JCAP) in 2010. In the past five years, the center's research has made significant progress. For the first time, they used an efficient, safe, integrated solar energy system to separate water molecules and produce hydrogen fuel. Newly researched system experiments have demonstrated that 10% of solar energy can be converted into chemical energy. This new system, called "artificial leaves," contains three main components: two electrodes - a photoanode, a photocathode, and a thin film. Photoanodes use sunlight to oxidize water molecules, producing protons, electrons, and oxygen. Photocathodes combine protons and electrons to produce hydrogen gas. The key part of this system is a plastic film that guarantees the separation of oxygen and hydrogen. If the two gases are mixed and accidentally ignited, explosions may occur. This film allows hydrogen to be collected separately under pressure conditions and safely fed into the pipeline. Semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide can absorb light efficiently, and are therefore widely used in solar panels. However, these materials can oxidize (rust) in water and cannot be directly used in the "artificial leaf" system. The JCAP researchers added a 62.5 nm thick titanium dioxide coating on the electrode to effectively prevent rusting of the photoelectrode using gallium arsenide while allowing light and electrons to pass through. Another breakthrough in the new system is the use of active, low-cost catalysts for energy production. The photoanode needs a catalyst to promote the chemical reaction of the separated water molecules. Rare and expensive metals such as platinum can be effective catalysts. However, the team found that adding 2 nanometers of nickel to the surface of the TiO2 film can be a more effective and less expensive catalyst. This integrated system, with an area of ​​about 1 square centimeter, can convert 10% of the solar energy into storable chemical energy and can continue to work for more than 40 hours. Nate Louis, JCAP's director of science and chemistry at Caltech, said: "This new system has broken the comprehensive record of safety, performance and stability of artificial leaf technology." "Our research confirms that in an integrated system, using inexpensive components, it is possible to efficiently and safely produce fuel from solar energy," said Louis. "Of course, we also need to continue to work hard to extend the system's lifespan and design a low cost." The methods for producing such systems are both in progress." (Reporter Liu Yuanyuan)
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"Artificial Leaf" converts 10% of solar energy into chemical energy